Aurora, North Pacific
The aurora borealis from orbit at solar maximum: oxygen glowing green and red at two heights over open ocean.
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On 15 November 2024, a month after NASA and NOAA announced the Sun had reached the maximum of Solar Cycle 25, the space station crossed the North Pacific at 433 kilometres and photographed an aurora borealis. The green is atomic oxygen at 558 nanometres, emitted between about 100 and 300 kilometres up.
A brownish red band sits above the green at upper right. That red is the same oxygen atom at 630 nanometres. It glows higher, from 300 to 500 kilometres, so at 433 kilometres the station flies above the whole green layer and inside the red one. The pale blue line below the aurora is airglow, an ever present shell of light at about 100 kilometres. The camera was set to ISO 51200. The grain that setting leaves runs through the whole frame, even the brightest green.