Venus, Magellan Mosaic
The surface of Venus, mapped by radar through permanent cloud, its colours coding height rather than appearance, from four years of Magellan orbits.
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No camera and no human eye has ever seen the ground this image maps: Venus keeps its surface under a permanent, unbroken layer of cloud. From 1990 to 1994 the Magellan spacecraft carried a synthetic aperture radar around the planet, bouncing radio signals through the cloud, off the hidden surface, and reading its shape from the echoes that came back, until 98 per cent of Venus had been imaged.
The colours are heights: the mosaic is coded to elevation against the 'Planetary Radius (km)' legend printed in its lower right. Gaps in Magellan's coverage are filled with radar from the Earth-based Arecibo Observatory, and the hemisphere, centred at 180 degrees east longitude, is drawn in orthographic projection, simulating a view from a distance. Magellan itself imaged the surface at about 100 metres; the full-planet composite resolves about 3 kilometres.